International Business Machines Corporation
IBM 5.5Price and target zones价格与目标区间
What the company does公司做什么
IBM today mostly sells software and IT consulting, plus mainframe computers, to large businesses and governments. Hardware is now less than a quarter of revenue. This is a different company from the hardware maker of the past.如今的IBM主要向大企业和政府出售软件和IT咨询,还有大型主机电脑。硬件现在还不到收入的四分之一。这已经是一家和过去那个硬件制造商不同的公司了。
Earns from营收来源 software licences and support, consulting contracts, and mainframe sales.软件授权和支持服务、咨询合同,以及大型主机的销售。
Read the full description查看完整介绍
International Business Machines Corporation, together with its subsidiaries, provides integrated solutions and services in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and the Asia Pacific. It operates through Software, Consulting, Infrastructure, and Financing segments. The Software segment offers hybrid cloud and AI platforms that allow clients to realize their digital and AI transformations across the applications, data, and environments in which they operate. The Consulting segment delivers strategy and technology services and intelligent operations, providing business transformation, technology implementation, managed services, application modernization, and AI-powered solutions. The Infrastructure segment provides on-premises and cloud-based server, and storage solutions, as well as life-cycle services for hybrid cloud infrastructure deployment. The Financing segment offers client and commercial financing, and facilitates IBM clients' acquisition of hardware, software, and services. It operates a data streaming platform. The company has strategic partnerships with various companies, including hyperscalers, service providers, global system integrators, and software and hardware vendors that include Adobe, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft, Oracle, Salesforce, Samsung Electronics and SAP, and others. It also has a strategic collaboration with Arm Holdings plc for the development of new dual-architecture hardware that helps enterprises run future AI and data intensive workloads; strategic partnership with three.ws to advance ai-powered 3d agent technology; and collaboration with Lightwell to help strengthen open source software supply chain. Additionally, it offers operational resilience, logistics, and future-ready technology to the UK Ministry of Defence through Team ORION. The company was formerly known as Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co. and changed its name to International Business Machines Corporation in 1924. International Business Machines Corporation was incorporated in 1911 and is headquartered in Armonk, New York.
Revenue breakdown营收构成 share of revenue营收占比
IBM's largest segment. It sells software licences and support to large businesses, built around Red Hat's Linux and hybrid-cloud tools, plus the software that processes transactions on IBM mainframes for banks and airlines. Software carries a high gross margin, so it drives most of IBM's profit. Customers keep renewing because moving core systems off IBM software is slow and risky.IBM最大的业务部门。它向大型企业销售软件许可和支持服务,核心是Red Hat的Linux和混合云工具,以及在IBM大型机上运行交易处理的软件,服务于银行和航空公司。软件业务的毛利率很高,是IBM利润的主要来源。客户不断续约,因为将核心系统迁出IBM软件既缓慢又有风险。
- Red Hat — Sells a supported version of the Linux operating system that companies run their servers on, and OpenShift, which runs software across a company's own data centres and several clouds at once. Red Hat grew 13% in FY2025.销售一个受支持的 Linux 操作系统版本,公司用它来运行服务器;还有 OpenShift,它能同时在公司自有数据中心和多个云上运行软件。Red Hat 在2025财年增长了13%。
- Transaction processing事务处理 — The software that runs on mainframes for banks, airlines, and retailers.在大型主机上为银行、航空公司和零售商运行的软件。
IBM's people-based services arm. Consultants advise clients on technology strategy, build custom systems, and run parts of a client's operations on an ongoing basis. The segment works closely with Software, guiding clients toward Red Hat and AI tools IBM sells, which helps lock in future software revenue. Because it bills for labour, its margins are lower and more sensitive to hiring and wage costs than Software.IBM以人力为基础的服务部门。顾问为客户提供技术战略建议,构建定制系统,并持续运营客户的部分业务。该部门与软件部门紧密配合,引导客户采用Red Hat和IBM销售的AI工具,从而锁定未来的软件收入。由于按人工计费,其利润率低于软件部门,且对招聘和薪资成本更敏感。
IBM's hardware business, built mostly around the IBM Z mainframe, a very large computer designed to process huge volumes of transactions without stopping. IBM says mainframes handle about 70% of the world's transactions, so banks, airlines, and retailers depend on them for core operations. Sales move in cycles tied to new mainframe generation launches, making this segment's revenue more uneven than Software or Consulting.IBM的硬件业务,主要围绕IBM Z大型机展开,这是一种专为不间断处理海量交易而设计的超大型计算机。IBM表示,大型机处理着全球约70%的交易,因此银行、航空公司和零售商的核心运营都依赖它们。销售随新一代大型机发布呈周期性波动,使该部门的收入比软件和咨询部门更不稳定。
Company facts公司资料
- Founded成立时间
- 1911
- Headquarters总部
- Armonk, New York
- Employees员工人数
- 264,300
- Industry行业
- Information Technology Services
- Country国家
- United States
Investment thesis投资逻辑 from the watchlist来自关注列表
What's working
- Infrastructure −7.4% / IBM Z −42% is a z17 CYCLE ROLLOVER, not a break. Two-year stack 1.70 × 0.58 = 0.99 — flat vs Q2'24. Quarter-5 rollover happened every cycle: z14 −20.6%, z16 −30%, z17 −42%. z18 ~mid-2028
- Consulting was never the soft flank — it is ~16% of segment profit (not 28% of the risk) and margins EXPANDED +140bp GM / +160bp segment, profit +15.1% on flat revenue.
- The sector cannibalization fear is dead: ServiceNow's cRPO +21.5%, 200bp above guide, McDermott "I have not seen any change." NOW/INTU/ADBE/CRM all recovered 15-19% since 7/14; IBM recovered 8% and is the only one that cut guidance.
- Management guided BELOW its own belief — ~⅓ of deferred deals closed in 3 weeks vs a 66-75% six-month norm, and Kavanaugh still took "a discount off our traditional historical rates." Margin guide raised +100bp, FCF guide held, Infrastructure guide raised 2pts inside a revenue cut
Red flags
- H1 FCF on IBM's own definition was FLAT ($4.8B vs $4.8B) while the full-year guide requires H2 +10.1% — resting on a $600M inventory buy-ahead that becomes a writedown if H2 demand misses. The most testable claim in the file.
- Share count rises +1.1%/yr, every quarter, forever — net buyback is 17% of SBC ($319M against $1,877M). ~$2.5B/yr of market value transferred away from holders = 22% of FCF
- ROIC ~10.5% and FALLING (was 11.2%) on Confluent — barely above WACC. The 34% ROE is a treasury-stock artifact; tangible book is −$54B, goodwill+intangibles 58% of assets
- Confluent re-levered a full turn (net debt/EBITDA 2.87x → 3.25x) and drew cash −47% to $7.2B; FY25 spent 126% of OCF
- Nobody bought the 25% crash — zero insider buys in 3 weeks of open window, and Farr bought at $304 in January. No buyback — and the balance sheet shows they had no capacity to.
- IBM retired the genAI book-of-business metric (last >$12.5B, Q4'25) in the quarter it missed; watsonx is never sized
- Consulting signings +6% converting to +0.2% revenue = harvesting, not compounding → [[pattern-headcount-revenue-divergence-tests-ai-deflation]]. ⚖️ DDM at the REAL 0.6% growth = $92 (July used g=3% and got $139 — the dividend alone justifies under $100). DYT $176 — and even the $199.19 low only reached a 3.39% yield, still below its 5yr average of 3.85%. It never got cheap on its own dividend history. ⚖️ Reverse-DCF: $236 prices ~3.4% perpetual owner-FCF growth — approximately what IBM delivers. Fairly valued, neither bargain nor trap. Consensus upside +3.5%. FV $195-250 (central $220). Entry $185-205. Trim 24x ttm.
Watch
- DOWNGRADED 8/12 from [6.0] — re-analyzed after the Q2 print. Moved here from Income–Yield Tomorrow, which it no longer qualifies for. ⚖️ The moat verdict came back BETTER than July feared; the per-share arithmetic came back worse, and the price is 7.7% higher. 🔍 The finding that moved the sleeve: the dividend growth is dead. Restoring Yahoo's 1.046 Kyndryl-spin factor ([[pitfall-yahoo-dividend-feed-applies-spinoff-factor]]), the declared quarterly dividend is $1.65 → $1.66 → $1.67 → $1.68 → $1.69 — exactly one penny a year for six straight years. 0.60%/yr (5yr), 0.92% (8yr), 1.90% (10yr), against 9.3% before 2018. The 30-year Aristocrat streak is technically alive and economically over; this payout loses ~2pts of real purchasing power a year. 🔍 All of Q2's software growth was purchased: Software +5.1% reported, FLAT organic. Data +18.9% is Confluent; ARR "$24.6B +8%" is ~+2.5% organic. IBM paid $11.6B ($7.24B goodwill) for the growth line the bull case cites. (Fair: add back the $400-500M of deferred ELAs and organic software is ~+6% — real, still short of "double-digit".)
- Trim written on
ttm, NOTfwd, deliberately — Yahoo's forwardPE 17.91 implies EPS $13.18, a +17% jump in a year IBM just cut guidance; trailingPE 20.98 ties exactly to the verified TTM $11.27 ([[pitfall-multiple-trim-inherits-the-broken-vendor-field]]) - Already owned indirectly via SCHD in both accounts.
Would upgrade on
- Upgrade: Q3 holds BOTH of Kavanaugh's own KPIs (mainframe 120%+ program-to-program AND software recurring ~10%) with the FCF guide intact any officer open-market purchase a real buyback authorization.
🔴 8/12 从 [6.0] 下调至 [5.5]——Q2 财报后重新分析。 已从「收入—未来股息」板块移出,它不再符合该板块标准。 ** ⚖️ 护城河的结论比 7 月担心的要好;但每股经济效益更差,而且股价还高了 7.7%。 ** 🔍 触发板块调整的发现:股息增长已经死了。 还原雅虎 1.046 的 Kyndryl 分拆因子后,实际宣派的季度股息是 $1.65 → $1.66 → $1.67 → $1.68 → $1.69——连续六年每年只加一分钱。 0.60%/年(5 年)、0.92%(8 年)、1.90%(10 年),而 2018 年之前是 9.3%。 30 年「股息贵族」纪录名义上还活着,实质上已经结束;这笔派息每年损失约 2 个百分点的真实购买力。 🔍 Q2 的软件增长全部是买来的:软件报告 +5.1%,有机增长为零。 数据 +18.9% 来自 Confluent;ARR「$24.6B +8%」的有机增长约 +2.5%。 IBM 为多头论点所引用的这条增长线付了 $11.6B(其中 $7.24B 是商誉)。 (公平地说:加回 $400-500M 递延的 ELA 合约,有机软件增长约 +6%——是真的,但仍够不上「双位数」。 ) ✅ 基础设施 −7.4% / IBM Z −42% 是 z17 的周期性回落,不是断裂。 两年叠加 1.70 × 0.58 = 0.99——与 Q2'24 持平。 第 5 个季度回落每个周期都发生过:z14 −20.6%、z16 −30%、z17 −42%。 z18 约在 2028 年年中。 ✅ 咨询业务从来不是软肋——它占分部利润约 16%(不是风险的 28%),而且利润率扩张了 +140bp 毛利率 / +160bp 分部利润率,在营收持平的情况下利润 +15.1%。 ** ✅ 板块被 AI 蚕食的恐慌已经消散:ServiceNow 的 cRPO +21.5%,比指引高 200bp,McDermott 说 「我没有看到任何变化。 」 NOW/INTU/ADBE/CRM 自 7/14 以来都回升了 15-19%;IBM 只回升了 8%,而且是唯一下调指引的那一家。 ** ✅ 管理层给出的指引低于自己的判断——递延交易中约 ⅓ 在三周内成交,而正常的六个月成交率是 66-75%,Kavanaugh 仍然「在传统历史成交率上打了折扣」。 在下调营收的同时,利润率指引上调 +100bp,自由现金流指引维持,基础设施指引上调 2 个百分点。 🚩 按 IBM 自己的口径,上半年自由现金流是持平的($4.8B 对 $4.8B),而全年指引要求下半年增长 +10.1%——这依赖于 $600M 的提前备货,如果下半年需求落空,那就是减值而不是时间差。 这是全文最可检验的一条。 ** 🚩 股数每年增加 +1.1%,每个季度都在增加,永远如此——净回购只有股权激励的 17%($319M 对 $1,877M)。 每年约 $2.5B 的市值从持股人手中转移出去 = 自由现金流的 22%。 🚩 ROIC 约 10.5% 且在下降(原为 11.2%),因为 Confluent——只是勉强高于资本成本。 34% 的 ROE 是库存股造成的假象;有形账面价值是 −$54B,商誉加无形资产占总资产 58%。 🚩 Confluent 让杠杆倒退了整整一档(净债务/EBITDA 2.87x → 3.25x),现金下降 47% 至 $7.2B;FY25 花掉了经营现金流的 126%。 🚩 25% 的暴跌没有一个内部人买入——窗口开放三周期间零买入,而 Farr 在 1 月是以 $304 买的。 没有回购——而资产负债表显示他们根本没有能力回购。 ** 🚩 IBM 在财报不及预期的那个季度停止披露生成式 AI 业务规模指标(最后一次是 Q4'25 的 >$12.5B);watsonx 从未被单独量化。 🚩 咨询业务签约 +6% 却只转化成 +0.2% 的营收 = 在收割,不是在复利增长。 ⚖️ 按真实的 0.6% 增长率计算,股息贴现模型 = $92(7 月用了 g=3% 得出 $139——光靠股息只能支撑不到 $100)。 股息率理论 $176——而且即便在 $199.19 的低点,股息率也只到 3.39%,仍低于 5 年平均的 3.85%。 按它自己的股息历史,它从来没有真正便宜过。 ** ⚖️ 反向 DCF:$236 对应约 3.4% 的永续所有者自由现金流增长——大致就是 IBM 实际能做到的。 估值合理,既不便宜也不是价值陷阱。 市场一致预期上行空间 +3.5%。 合理价值 $195-250(中枢 $220)。 买入区间 $185-205。 减持 24x ttm。 ** ⚠️ 减持倍数刻意写成 ttm 而不是 fwd——雅虎的前瞻市盈率 17.91 隐含每股收益 $13.18,相当于在 IBM 刚下调指引的一年里跳增 +17%;而追踪市盈率 20.98 与已核实的 TTM 每股收益 $11.27 完全吻合。 **
Historical results历史业绩 past fiscal years — these values do not change过去财年——这些数值不会变动
Profit margins利润率 the share of revenue that stays as profit营收中留存为利润的比例
of every $1 of revenue每 $1 营收中的占比
- Return on equity净资产收益率
- 34%
- Revenue growth营收增长
- +1%
- Dividend yield股息率
- 3.00%
Competitors竞争对手
Why customers stay客户为什么留下
Mainframe lock-in. Banks and airlines run decades of custom code on IBM Z, and moving it off is slow, costly, and risky, so they keep buying each new generation and the high-margin software that only runs on it. Red Hat adds a second lock-in on the software side.大型主机的锁定效应。银行和航空公司在IBM Z上运行着几十年的定制代码,要把它迁走既慢、又贵、又有风险,所以他们持续购买每一代新机,以及只能在其上运行的高利润软件。Red Hat在软件端又增添了第二重锁定。
Related companies相关公司 🔴 AI-services repricing (widened 8/11…
One bet: does AI destroy labor-arbitrage IT services? They rise and fall together — proven twice now (−40% together, then +17-22% together).
Manage as one position. Do not add a second name to raise exposure.
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